How It's Done

Behind The process

HeredityLab provides ethnicity estimates that reflect how similar your DNA is to populations in a reference panel. Estimates are provided on an ethnic and regional basis, with the ethnic terms reflecting established ethnic groups and the regional terms reflecting regional, subregional, and micro level regions. To achieve this, we used the following steps, which included data gathering, establishing the panel, creation of an inference method, and methodology refinement. The genome is composed of a series of nucleotides, with the position of each nucleotide being particular to certain ethnic groups, and this allows us to reliably predict which segments of your DNA correspond to each of the ethnic groups in our panel.

1. Data Gathering

Representative genomes from worldwide populations were gathered. Information was first collected from the main publicly accessible research data sets. These include, but are not limited to, the 1000 Genomes Project, Human Genome Diversity Project (CEPH-HDGP), International HapMap Project (HapMap3), and the Population Reference Sample Project. To create a stronger reference panel that is inclusive of micro level regions, privately available reference data sets were collected and incorporated into the wider sample set. Following the aggregation of all sample data, samples were clustered through principal component analysis and samples that were not consistent with the characteristics of established clusters were removed. Within the DNA, pairs of alleles (termed ‘genotypes’) are found at different positions (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and the probability of a single genotype appearing at certain positions is dependent on the ethnic group. The likelihood of your DNA segment matching an ethnic group is based on the data of particular genotype locations in relation to that of other ethnic groups.

2. Establishing the Panel

Groups of neighboring SNPs have varying degrees of prevalence depending on population and the occurrence of particular haplotypes was noted for each reference cluster. In order to match parts of your genome with our reference groups, the digital version of your genome is virtually separated into hundreds of small divisions. These virtual divisions (commonly termed ‘windows’) are each examined, matched to groups within the reference panel, then a mathematical model (the Hidden Markov Model) is used to analyze data. Each window of division covers 4-12 centimorgans, and the Hidden Markov Model evaluates ethnicity at each position. The model examines the SNP configurations and is used to find from a statistical standpoint which group the DNA corresponds to. The term ‘haplotype’ refers to segments of adjoining dna within chromosomes that are extremely informative when looking for genetic signatures that correspond to particular ethnic groups. We are comparing the haplotype within each division to those in the reference groups. We used the BEAGLE program, which implements a Hidden Markov model, to create a series of haplotype cluster models and further refine the data. When integrated into our model, haplotype combinations are estimated after being given a set of genotypes. The haplotype cluster model contains clusters of similar haplotypes groupings, with these haplotype clusters being linked to reference groups.

3. Inference method Created

In order to reliably assign segments of DNA to reference panel groups, models were created to predict the likelihood that each of the haplotypes in each segment belonged to a particular reference group. A multiclass support vector machine algorithm was used to learn the boundaries between reference populations based on the existing data. The SVM assigns each segment to a reference group, while a Hidden Markov Model corrects errors within the output. The HMM is used to assign likelihood of all reference groups to the haplotypes present in your genome, resulting in the most probable ethnic combination with the highest likelihood of being the actual combination. The final ethnic estimate represents the amount of each ethnicity as a portion of the most likely combination.

4. Extensive Refinement of Methods

The results of these algorithms were tested to assess for validity and parameters were redefined as needed. Additional testing was completed until working predictive models were established with a reasonable degree of accuracy. To validate the process, we tested individuals from the reference panel and additional individuals from a separate specially designated panel which was created for testing purposes. The second panel contained samples with known ethnicity and model changes were made until the accuracy of the results reliably entered an acceptable range.

Common metrics for the accuracy of results include precision and recall, with precision being the actual amount of the ethnicity divided by the predicted amount, and the recall being the predicted amount divided by the actual amount. High precision systems with low recall have a tendency to assign DNA segments to a particular group only when there is a high level of confidence, but usually leaves a significant amount of DNA unassigned. High recall systems with low precision have a tendency to readily assign DNA segments to reference groups but can be incorrect at times. The continental level has the highest amount of precision, with precision declining as the assignments become more granular. Our system attempts several degrees of classification so low recall is seen where groups are hard to distinguish from others.

Accuracy of Results

How accurate are these values?

Assigning DNA segments to groups in the reference panel is dependent on the models used and all values are approximate values. While the models are created to approximate with as much accuracy as possible, they are not always completely correct and should be viewed as estimates only which have been calculated to the best of our computational ability.

Reference Panel

The following is a list of the groups that are part of the reference panel. Note that the quantity isn’t static and more samples may be added to the list as needed.

Europe:
German, Dutch, French (North), French (South), French, Swiss, Breton, Frisian, Cypriot, Albanian, Sicilian, Greek, Serbian, Slovenian, Italian (North), Italian (South), Croatian, Maltese, Sardinian, Sicilian, Bosniak, Corsican, Irish, Welsh, English, Scottish, Swedish, Finnish, Danish, Norwegian, Sami, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Hungarian, Ashkenazi Jewish, Slovak, Czech, Austrian, Portuguese, Spanish, Basque, Belarusian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Lipka Tatar, Romanian Tatar

Caucasus:
Georgian, Armenian, Azeri, Dargin, Adyghe, Ossetian, Kabardian, Abazin, Tatar

West Africa:
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Kru, Ewe, Wolof, Sahelian, Yoruba, Mandinka, Bambara, Fon, Abron, Akan, Igbo, Nigerian (Central, East), Fulani (Nigeria, Guinea), Mende, Angolan (North, South), Burkina Faso.

Southern Africa:
Kalahari Forager (Khoekhoen, San), Botswana (Tswana people), South Africa (Northeast, Southeast), Zimbabwe (Shona people)

East Africa:
Kalenjin, Kikuyu, Somali (North, South), Luhya, Sudan (North, Central, South), South Sudan, Maasai, Luo, Merina, Makua, Wolayta, Amhara, Oromo, Tigray, Sidama, Afar, Hadiya

Central Africa:
Central African Forager (Mbuti, Biaka), Cameroon (Fang, Bamoun), Congolese West (Anamongo, EsiKongo), Congolese East (Baluba), Central African Republic

Southeast Asia: Filipino (North, South), Indonesian (East, West), Malaysian, Thai, Cambodian (Khmer), Bamar, She, Miao, Filipino, Dayak, Batak, Nyishi, Tangsa, Yi, Lahu, Mon, Vietnamese, Assamese (Bodo Kachari, Rajbongshi).

South Asia:
Koli, Bengali, Marathi, Baloch, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Pathan, Sindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Malayali, Telugu, Sinhalese, Bhojpuri, Odisha, Nepalese, Punjabi, Makrani, Kho, Bhil, Kannada, Tamil.

The Americas:
Inuit, Indigenous North, Indigenous Central Plains, Indigenous Southwest US, Mexican Indigenous North, Mexican Indigenous South, Indigenous Central America, Indigenous Caribbean (Taino), Indigenous South America (Northwest, Andes, Southern Cone, Amazonian).

Oceania:
Polynesian, Maori, Melanesian, Polynesian, Aboriginal Australian, Hawaiian, Moluccan, Tahitian, Tonga and Samoa.

East Asia and Siberia:
Evenk, Orok, Chinese (North, Central, South), Han, Nashi, Japanese, Yi, She, Korean, Manchu, Tujia, She, Zhuang, Ryukyuan, Nenet

Mideast: Arabian Peninsula (Eastern), Arabian Peninsula (Western), Turkish (West, East, Central, Southeast, Southwest, Northwest), Druze, Lebanese, Egyptian (North, South), Jordanian, Yemeni (Western, Eastern), Syrian (West), Assyrian, Palestinian, Bedouin, Iranian (West, Central, East), Kurdish (West, East), Iraqi (Central, South), Assyrian, Sephardic Jewish, Palestinian Christian, Lebanese Christian, Egyptian Coptic.

North Africa: Algerian, Tunisian, Moroccan (North, South), Libyan (East, West), Berber (Algeria)

The Jewish Diaspora Genetic Test focuses on these Jewish genetic groups:
Persian Jewish, Ashkenazi, Eastern Caucasus Jewish, Northern-Central Mesopotamia Jewish, Eastern Maghrebi Jewish (Moroccan, Algerian), Western Maghrebi Jewish (Tunisian, Libyan), Sephardic (Turkey) Jewish, Northern Levantine Jewish, Ethiopian Jewish, Yemeni Jewish, Indian Jewish.

The Central Asian Genetic Test focuses on these groups:
Hazara, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Uzbek (East, West), Uyghur (West, East, Southwest), Pashtun (Afghanistan, Pakistan), Turkmen (Southwest, West, Southeast), Iranian (Northeast, East, Southeast, Central), Mongolian.

Reference Panel Sample Details

The following is a list containing the quantity of samples used per group within the reference panel. Note that the quantities are not fixed, and samples may be added or removed depending on changes we make to the reference panel. We may create some new categories and merge some categories depending on the level of accuracy. The most likely ones to be merged with others are those that have a high degree of overlap or low precision and recall. Also note that some of the categories under the Jewish Genetic Test have a slightly different set of reference panel samples than those same categories under the general reference panel, hence the statistics for precision and recall are different.

In these cases, the values under the Precision column represent how much of the assigned ethnicity is correct, while the values under the Recall column represent how much of the actual ethnicity is assigned by the process. An example for Precision would be if someone who is assigned 80% Makua by the algorithm, but only 40% is actually truly Makua. The precision value in this case would be 0.50. An example for Recall would be someone having 100% Irish ancestry, but only 20% is estimated by the model. In this case, the recall would be 0.20.

Group	Number of Samples	Precision	Recall
Europe
1. German	93	0.69	0.72
2. Dutch	57	0.88	0.74
3. French (North)	38	0.86	0.76
4. French (South)	52	0.85	0.92
5. French	61	0.88	0.91
6. Swiss	43	0.76	0.71
7. Breton	29	0.65	0.64
8. Frisian	47	0.68	0.93
9. Cypriot	30	0.63	0.88
10. Albanian	19	0.61	0.62
11. Sicilian	28	0.73	0.97
12. Greek	52	0.91	0.75
13. Serbian	24	0.72	0.93
14. Slovenian	22	0.56	0.9
15. Italian (North)	109	0.62	0.65
16. Italian (South)	103	0.9	0.77
17. Croatian	42	0.65	0.86
18. Maltese	37	0.78	0.79
19. Sardinian	51	0.88	0.93
20. Bosniak	64	0.81	0.61
21. Corsican	21	0.52	0.83
22. Irish	29	0.61	0.94
23. Welsh	135	0.93	0.67
24. English	62	0.7	0.91
25. Scottish	148	0.84	0.94
26. Swedish	121	0.82	0.81
27. Finnish	105	0.96	0.79
28. Danish	94	0.73	0.7
29. Norwegian	81	0.81	0.66
30. Saami	107	0.89	0.83
31. Latvian	10	0.71	0.69
32. Lithuanian	87	0.65	0.61
33. Estonian	55	0.85	0.77
34. Hungarian	38	0.75	0.83
35. Ashkenazi Jewish	118	0.77	0.86
36. Slovak	34	0.89	0.78
37. Czech	32	0.52	0.94
38. Austrian	75	0.6	0.83
39. Portuguese	52	0.57	0.65
40. Spanish	105	0.64	0.95
41. Basque	92	0.84	0.77
42. Belarusian	54	0.89	0.94
43. Romanian	45	0.91	0.96
44. Bulgarian	58	0.96	0.94
45. Ukrainian	81	0.68	0.72
46. Russian	104	0.86	0.61
47. Polish	114	0.77	0.87
48. Eastern European Tatar	12	0.63	0.92
49. Greek Mainlander	56	0.65	0.8
50. Greek Islander	59	0.61	0.86
51. Macaronesia	35	0.54	0.73



Caucasus
1. West Caucasus	51	0.87	0.82
2. Armenian	75	0.71	0.96
3. Azeri	46	0.86	0.94
4. North Caucasus (Ossetian, Adygei, Balkar, Kabardin)	37	0.62	0.65
5. Northeast Caucasus (Lezgin, Tabassaran, Chechen)	33	0.85	0.74



West Africa
1. Senegal (Wolof)	47	0.8	0.85
2. Fulani (Guinea)	24	0.91	0.68
3. Krou	40	0.8	0.91
4. Sierra Leone	53	0.94	0.75
5. Kwa	61	0.83	0.72
6. Nigeria West	106	0.87	0.94
7. Nigeria East	113	0.95	0.83
8. Nigeria North	36	0.54	0.74
9. Gabon and Cameroon	28	0.97	0.68
10. Western Congo	52	0.65	0.54
11. South Angola	6	0.67	0.73
12. Malinke	38	0.6	0.64
13. Burkina Faso	4	0.58	0.62
14. Sahelian West	15	0.65	0.7



Southern Africa:
1. Kalahari Forager	42	0.85	0.87
2. Tswana	25	0.82	0.79
3. South African Bantu (Northeast, Southeast)	94	0.75	0.91
4. Shona	29	0.68	0.83
5. Bemba	3	0.52	0.75



East Africa:
1. Kenya West (Kalenjin, Luo)	47	0.66	0.79
2. Kenya Central (Kikuyu)	16	0.96	0.89
3. Somali (North, South)	92	0.69	0.9
4. Sudan (North, Central, South)	82	0.61	0.94
5. South Sudan (Dinka, Nuer)	31	0.79	0.62
6. Maasai	22	0.67	0.85
7. Malagasy Highlander	29	0.69	0.74
8. Malagasy Coast	24	0.72	0.61
8. Mozambique (Makua)	17	0.78	0.67
9. Ethiopia North (Tigray, Amhara, includes Eritrean)	48	0.88	0.71
10. Ethiopia South (Oromo, Wolayta)	11	0.55	0.58
11. Rwanda (Hutu, Tutsi)	14	0.63	0.54
12. Uganda (Baganda)	10



Central Africa:
1. Central African Forager (Mbuti, Biaka)	46	0.94	0.83
2. Congolese East (Baluba)	29	0.69	0.95
3. Central African Republic	8	0.43	0.65



Southeast Asia:
1. Filipino (North, South)	103	0.87	0.64
2. Indonesian (East, West)	115	0.75	0.96
3. Eastern SEA (Vietnamese Kinh, Lao)	72	0.62	0.97
4. Yunnan Hills (Lahu)	58	0.77	0.73
5. Central SEA (Thai, Mon, Cambodian, Peninsular Malaysian)	32	0.63	0.7
6. Western SEA (Burmese – Bamar)	41	0.63	0.64
7. Dai (Yunnan)	24	0.58	0.88
8. Indigenous Borneo	16	0.64	0.92
9. Indigenous Sumatra (Batak)	10	0.63	0.7
10. Nyishi (Arunachal Pradesh)	62	0.72	0.79
11. Tangsa (Arunachal Pradesh)	64	0.83	0.61
12. Assamese (Bodo Kachari, Rajbongshi)	11	0.73	0.72
13. Bodo	14	0.64	0.62
14. Rajbanshi	9	0.89	0.74



South Asia:
1. Koli	10	0.67	0.8
2. Bengali	67	0.87	0.92
3. Marathi	114	0.83	0.75
4. Baloch	46	0.68	0.72
5. Uttar Pradesh	26	0.9	0.62
6. Odisha	74	0.92	0.91
7. Karnataka	63	0.79	0.8
8. Pathan	46	0.9	0.78
9. Sindhi	85	0.74	0.7
10. Gujarati	92	0.83	0.68
11. Rajasthani	78	0.85	0.77
12. Malayali	20	0.67	0.82
13. Telugu	74	0.69	0.77
14. Sinhalese	42	0.72	0.6
15. Bhojpuri	19	0.87	0.69
16. Nepalese	106	0.89	0.83
17. Punjabi	25	0.69	0.9
18. Makrani	13	0.47	0.65
19. Kho	26	0.49	0.59
20. Bhil	60	0.75	0.84
21. Tamil	71	0.85	0.91
22. Pakistani GI (Kalash)	20	0.66	0.9



The Americas:
1. Inuit	61	0.77	0.72
2. Indigenous North	38	0.91	0.58
3. Indigenous Central Plains	53	0.84	0.66
4. Indigenous Southwest US	61	0.81	0.65
5. Mexican Indigenous (North, South)	107	0.92	0.87
6. Indigenous Central America	32	0.66	0.82
7. Indigenous Caribbean (Taino)	23	0.73	0.65
8. Indigenous South America (Northwest, Andes, Southern Cone, Amazonian)	104	0.75	0.68



Oceania:
1. Polynesian	55	0.9	0.94
2. Maori	50	0.75	0.84
3. Melanesian	47	0.64	0.95
4. Aboriginal Australian	26	0.86	0.96
5. Hawaiian	29	0.85	0.92
6. Moluccan	26	0.72	0.64
7. Tahitian	5	0.78	0.78
8. Tonga and Samoa	47	0.77	0.66



East Asia and Siberia:
1. Western Siberian (Chukchi)	15	0.53	0.77
2. Central Siberian GI (Nganasan)	8	0.48	0.79
3. Chinese North (Han)	75	0.89	0.9
4. Chinese Central (Han)	45	0.83	0.88
5. Chinese South (Han)	72	0.83	0.67
6. Japanese	20	0.79	0.66
7. Korean (South)	117	0.85	0.73
8. Manchu (Northeast China)	43	0.72	0.72
9. Zhuang (South China)	5	0.85	0.81
10. Ryukyuan	101	0.78	0.97
11. Miao (South China)	48	0.69	0.86
12. Wuling Mountains (Central China South) (She, Miao, Tujia)	39	0.65	0.67
13. Hengduan Mountains (Yi, Naxi)	7	0.61	0.6
14. Tungusic Manchurian (Xibo, Hezhen)	32	0.52	0.43
15. Mongolian	94	0.76	0.94



Mideast:
1. Arabian Peninsula (Eastern)	49	0.8	0.64
2. Arabian Peninsula (Western)	34	0.84	0.83
3. Turkish (West, East, Central, Southeast, Southwest, Northwest)	117	0.81	0.67
4. Druze	41	0.79	0.66
5. Lebanese	38	0.62	0.77
6. Egyptian (North, South)	106	0.95	0.66
7. Jordanian	64	0.65	0.76
8. Yemeni (Western, Eastern)	57	0.94	0.93
9. Syrian (West)	58	0.81	0.74
10. Assyrian	47	0.8	0.63
11. Palestinian	35	0.86	0.61
12. Bedouin (Sinai)	12	0.7	0.92
13. Iranian (West, Central, East)	107	0.78	0.71
14. Kurdish (West, East)	75	0.77	0.82
15. Iraqi (Central, South)	41	0.8	0.73
16. Sephardic Jewish	72	0.63	0.81
17. Palestinian GI (Palestinian Christians, Palestinian Samaritans, Palestinian Muslims (Nablus))	68	0.66	0.85
18. Lebanese GI (Lebanese Christians, rural Lebanese Shia)	66	0.62	0.89
19. Egyptian GI (Coptic Christian)	70	0.89	0.87
20. Iranian GI (Zoroastrian)	15	0.63	0.8



North Africa:
1. Algerian	22	0.78	0.87
2. Tunisian	50	0.63	0.72
3. Moroccan (North, South)	75	0.62	0.81
4. Libyan (East, West)	44	0.75	0.74
5. Berber (Algeria)	36	0.66	0.79




Jewish Diaspora Genetic Test:
1. Persian Jewish	102	0.74	0.71
2. Ashkenazi	118	0.89	0.65
3. Caucasus Jewish	64	0.91	0.62
4. Northern-Central Mesopotamia Jewish	24	0.84	0.74
5. Eastern Maghrebi Jewish (Moroccan, Algerian)	50	0.66	0.76
6. Western Maghrebi Jewish (Tunisian, Libyan)	87	0.93	0.88
7. Sephardic Jewish (Turkey)	61	0.78	0.68
8. Northern Levantine Jewish	92	0.69	0.89
9. Ethiopian Jewish	37	0.87	0.66
10. Yemeni Jewish	34	0.86	0.81
11. Indian Jewish	15	0.6	0.77



Central Asian Genetic Test:
1. Hazara	36	0.62	0.68
2. Kyrgyz	28	0.69	0.95
3. Kazakh	85	0.78	0.94
4. Uzbek (East, West)	65	0.62	0.72
5. Uyghur (West, East, Southwest)	58	0.58	0.7
6. Pashtun (Afghanistan, Pakistan)	82	0.81	0.9
7. Turkmen (Southwest, West, Southeast)	81	0.74	0.72
8. Iranian (Northeast, East, Southeast, Central)	104	0.89	0.73
9. Mongolian	45	0.68	0.71

Sample Sources

The following is a list of the samples within the reference panel, with a description of the ethno-geographic sources for a majority of the known samples within each sample set. The samples come from both public data sets and our outreach program. Because of this, the samples fall into two categories: ones where we could verify the ancestral regions of origin, and ones where we could not verify the precise ancestral regions of origin. Listed are the regions of origin for samples which could be verified. Participants were screened based on history of ancestry in a particular region, based on their parents or grandparents being from the region. For some of the samples which we were not able to verify the regions of origin, we compared these samples to known samples per country and listed the ones that clearly clustered with these known samples within each region specific category. This process is meant to generate approximations as to the ancestral locations of origin.

Group	Source of A Plurality of Samples
Europe
1. German	North Rhine Westphalia, Hesse, Rhineland Palatinate, Baden Wurttemberg
2. Dutch	South Holland, North Brabant, Utrecht, North Holland
3. French (North)	Hauts de France, Normandie, Grand Est, Centre Val de Loire
4. French (South)	Provence Alpes- Côte d’Azur, Auvergne Rhone Alpes, Occitane
5. French	France: unspecified
6. Swiss	Switzerland: unspecified
7. Breton	Bretagne
8. Frisian	Friesland, Nordfriesland
9. Cypriot	Limassol, Nicosia
10. Albanian	Tirana, Fier, Durres, Lezhe, Shkoder
11. Sicilian	Palermo, Catania
12. Greek	Kendriki Makedonia , Attiki
13. Serbian	Sumadija, Kolubara
14. Slovenian	Savinga, Drava
15. Italian (North)	Lombardy, Emilia Romagna
16. Italian (South)	Campania, Apulia, Calabria
17. Croatian	Split Dalmatia, Primorje Gorski Kotar
18. Maltese	Valletta, Birkirkara
19. Sardinian	Cagliari, Sassari, Nuoro, Oristano
20. Bosniak	Sarajevo, Tulza, Zenica-Doboj
21. Corsican	Upper Corsica, Southern Corsica
22. Irish	Cork, Kildare, Meath, Antrim, Down, Londonderry, Wicklow, Louth, Wexford, Armagh, Tyrone
23. Welsh	Cardiff, Swansea, Rhondda Cynon Taf
24. English	Greater Manchester, West Midlands, West Yorkshire, Merseyside, South Yorkshire
25. Scottish	Fife, North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire, Highland, West Lothian
26. Swedish	Vastra Gotalands lan, Skane lan, Ostergorlands lan, Uppsala lan, Sodermanlands lan, Jonkopings lan
27. Finnish	Uusimaa, Pirkanmaa, Varsinais-Suomi, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa, Satakunta
28. Danish	Syddanmark, Midtjylland, Zealand, Nordjylland
29. Norwegian	Viken, Vestland, Rogaland, Trondelag, Innlandet
30. Saami	Finnmark (Norway)
31. Latvian	Pierigas, Zemgales, Kursemes, Vidzemes
32. Lithuanian	Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai
33. Estonian	Harju, Ida-Viru, Tartu, Parnu, Laane-Viru
34. Hungarian	Pest, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar
35. Ashkenazi Jewish	Warsaw, Budapest, Lodz, Lviv
36. Slovak	Bratislava, Kosice, Presov, Zilina
37. Czech	Central Bohemian Region, Praha, South Moravian Region, Moravian-Silesian Region
38. Austrian	Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria, Tyrol
39. Portuguese	Vila Real, Aveiro, Braga, Setubal, Santarem
40. Spanish	Andalusia, Catalonia, Valencia, Castilla y Leon, Galicia, Castilla La Mancha
41. Basque	Pais Vasco
42. Belarusian	Homel, Vitebsk, Brest, Hrodna
43. Romanian	Cluj, Timis, Iasi, Constanta, Prahova, Brasov
44. Bulgarian	Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas, Stara Zagora, Blagoevgrad
45. Ukrainian	Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv, Odessa
46. Russian	Krasnodar Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Rostov Oblast
47. Polish	Masovian Voivodeship, Silesian Voivodeship, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
48. Eastern European Tatar	Eastern Poland (Lipka Tatars), Constanta (Romanian Tatars)
49. Greek Mainlander	Attiki, Kentriki Makedonia, Sterea Ellada, Thessalia, Peloponnisos
50. Greek Islander	Kriti, Evia, Rodos
51. Macaronesia	Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Funchal



Caucasus
1. West Caucasus	Georgia: Imereti, Shida Kartli, Adjara AR, Abkhazia AR Ethnic Groups: Georgian, Abkhazian.
2. Armenian	Armenia: Ararat, Kotayk, Lori
3. Azeri	Azerbaijan: Central Aran, Shirvan-Salyan.
4. North Caucasus (Ossetian, Adygei, Balkar, Kabardin)	Ethnic Groups: Ossetian, Adygei, Balkar, Kabardin
5. Northeast Caucasus (Lezgin, Tabassaran, Chechen)	Ethnic Groups: Lezgin, Tabassaran, Chechen



West Africa
1. Senegal (Wolof)	Senegal: Thies, Diourbel, Fatick, Ziguinchor
2. Fulani (Guinea)	Guinea: Kankan, Nzerekore
3. Krou	Liberia: Nimba County. Ivory Coast: Montagnes.
4. Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone: Kenema, Bo. Ethnic Groups: Temne, Mende.
5. Kwa	Southern Ghana: Volta, Ashanti, Central. Eastern Ivory Coast: Lacs, Comoe, Lagunes. Togo: Plateaux
6. Nigeria West	Nigeria: Oyo, Ogun, Ondo. Benin: Plateau. Ethnic Groups: Yoruba
7. Nigeria East	Nigeria: Cross River, Imo, Benue. Ethnic Groups: Igbo, Ijaw, Ibibio, Ekoi, Tiv, Jukon.
8. Nigeria North	Nigeria: Kano, Jigawa. Niger: Tahoua, Maradi. Ethnic Groups: Hausa, Fulani.
9. Gabon and Cameroon	Cameroon: Bamileke tribe (Ouest), Pahouin tribe (Sud). Gabon: Pahouin tribe (Woleu-Ntem).
10. Western Congo	Democratic Republic of the Congo: EsiKongo Tribe. Angola: Ambundu Tribe
11. South Angola	Angola: Ovambo Ethnic Group (Cunene)
12. Malinke	Mali: Sikasso, Guinea: Kankan
13. Burkina Faso	Burkina Faso: Mossi Tribe (Centre-Sud, Centre-Ouest)
14. Sahelian West	Mauritania: Beidane Ethnic Group



Southern Africa:
1. Kalahari Forager	Namibia: Otjozondjupa. Ethnic Groups: Khoekhoen, San.
2. Tswana	Botswana: Central District, Kweneng District.
3. South African Bantu (Northeast, Southeast)	Eastern South Africa: KwaZulu Natal, Mpuma-Langa
4. Shona	Zimbabwe: Manicaland Province, Midlands Province.
5. Bemba	Zambia: Lusaka Province, Central Province



East Africa:
1. Kenya West (Kalenjin, Luo)	Kenya: Western Province, Nyanza Province, Rift Valley Province
2. Kenya Central (Kikuyu)	Kenya: Rift Valley Province, Eastern Province
3. Somali (North, South)	Somalia North: Somaliland, Puntland. Somalia Central: Galmudug, Hirshabelle. Somalia South: South West Region, Jubaland.
4. Sudan (North, Central, South)	North: River Nile State, Central: El Gazira, North Kordofan, South: Blue Nile, South Kordofan
5. South Sudan (Dinka, Nuer)	South Sudan: Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria
6. Maasai	Kenya: Rift Valley Province
7. Malagasy Highlander	Madagascar: Antananarivo Province
8. Malagasy Coast	Madagascar: Atsinanana. Ethnic Group: Betsimisaraka People
8. Mozambique (Makua)	Mozambique: Zambezia, Nampula
9. Ethiopia North (Tigray, Amhara, includes Eritrean)	Ethiopia: Amhara and Tigray Regions, Eritrea.
10. Ethiopia South (Oromo, Wolayta)	Ethiopia: Oromia and Wolaita Regions
11. Rwanda (Hutu, Tutsi)	Rwanda: Eastern Province
12. Uganda (Baganda)	Central Uganda



Central Africa:
1. Central African Forager (Mbuti, Biaka)	Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mbenga and Mbuti ethnic groups.
2. Congolese East (Baluba)	Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kasai Province
3. Central African Republic	Central African Republic: Sango ethnic group.



Southeast Asia:
1. Filipino (North, South)	The Philippines: Luzon (North), Mindanao (South).
2. Indonesian (East, West)	Indonesia: Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi.
3. Eastern SEA (Vietnamese Kinh, Lao)	Vietnam: Northwest Region, Northeast Region, Central Highlands Region. Laos: Salavan, Savannakhet.
4. Yunnan Hills (Lahu)	China: Yunnan Province. Vietnam: Lai Chau Province
5. Central SEA (Thai, Mon, Cambodian, Peninsular Malaysian)	Peninsular Malaysia: Eastern Region, Southern Region. Cambodia: Mekong Lowlands, Eastern Region. Thailand: Northeast Region, Central Region. Myanmar: Mon State. Thailand: Pathum Thani Province.
6. Western SEA (Burmese – Bamar)	Myanmar: Magwe, Sagaing
7. Dai (Yunnan)	China: Yunnan Province
8. Indigenous Borneo	Indonesia: Borneo
9. Indigenous Sumatra (Batak)	Indonesia: Sumatra
10. Nyishi (Arunachal Pradesh)	India: Arunachal Pradesh
11. Tangsa (Arunachal Pradesh)	India: Arunachal Pradesh
12. Assamese (Bodo Kachari, Rajbongshi)	India: Assam State.
13. Bodo	India: Assam State (Bodoland Region)
14. Rajbanshi	India: Assam State



South Asia:
1. Koli	India: Gujarat
2. Bengali	Bangladesh: Rajshahi, Sylhet
3. Marathi	India: Maharashtra (Aurangabad Region)
4. Baloch	Pakistan: Balochistan (Quetta, Sibi)
5. Uttar Pradesh	India: Uttar Pradesh (Allahabad, Lucknow, Bareilly)
6. Odisha	India: Odisha (Northern District, Central District) Primary group: Odia speakers
7. Karnataka	India: Karnataka (Belgavi, Mysuru)
8. Pathan	Afghanistan: Zabol, Kandahar, Paktika
9. Sindhi	Pakistan: Sindh (Jamshoro, Sanghar)
10. Gujarati	India: Gujarat (Vadodara, Navsari, Anand)
11. Rajasthani	India: Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Pali, Ajmer)
12. Malayali	India: Kerala (Kottayam, Malappuram)
13. Telugu	India: Telangana (Nalgonda, Khammam)
14. Sinhalese	Sri Lanka: Uva Province, Central Province
15. Bhojpuri	India: Uttar Pradesh (Azamgarh, Varanasi, Mirzapur)
16. Nepalese	Nepal: Koshi Pradhesh, Madhesh Pradesh
17. Punjabi	Pakistan: Punjab (Chiniot, Sargodha, Okara). India: Punjab (Jalandhar, Patiala)
18. Makrani	Pakistan: Balochistan (Makran)
19. Kho	Pakistan: Chitral
20. Bhil	India: Madhya Pradesh
21. Tamil	India: Tamil Nadu (Chola Naadu, Kongu Naadu)
22. Pakistani GI (Kalash)	Pakistan: Chitral



The Americas:
1. Inuit	Canada: Quebec (Nunavik). United States: Alaska (Northwest Arctic Borough)
2. Indigenous North	Canada: Cree tribe (Manitoba)
3. Indigenous Central Plains	United States: South Dakota (Sioux)
4. Indigenous Southwest US	United States: Pima and Navajo ethnic groups.
5. Mexican Indigenous (North, South)	Mexico: Otomi, Tarahumara, Mixtec, Seri, Huichol
6. Indigenous Central America	Guatemala: Maya. El Salvador: Lenca, Pipil
7. Indigenous Caribbean (Taino)	Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Cuba
8. Indigenous South America (Northwest, Andes, Southern Cone, Amazonian)	Brazil: Guarani. Peru: Quechua. Argentina: Toba. Colombia: Piapoco



Oceania:
1. Polynesian	Tuvalu, French Polynesia, Cook Islands
2. Maori	New Zealand: North Island
3. Melanesian	Eastern Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Vanuatu
4. Aboriginal Australian	Australia: (Northern Territory)
5. Hawaiian	United States: Hawaii
6. Moluccan	Indonesia: Maluku Islands (North Maluku)
7. Tahitian	French Polynesia: Tahiti
8. Tonga and Samoa	Tonga, Samoa



East Asia and Siberia:
1. Western Siberian (Chukchi)	Russia: Chukchi Peninsula
2. Central Siberian GI (Nganasan)	Russia: Taymyr Peninsula
3. Chinese North (Han)	China: Heilongjiang, Liaoning
4. Chinese Central (Han)	China: Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang
5. Chinese South (Han)	China: Guangdong, Fujian, Guizhou
6. Japanese	Japan: Yamagata, Niagara, Gifu
7. Korean (South)	South Korea: Chungcheongnam-do, Gangwon-do
8. Manchu (Northeast China)	China: Jilin, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
9. Zhuang (South China)	China: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
10. Ryukyuan	Japan: Ryukyuan Islands
11. Miao (South China)	China: Yunnan, Guizhou
12. Wuling Mountains (Central China South) (She, Miao, Tujia)	China: Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi
13. Hengduan Mountains (Yi, Naxi)	China: Hengduan Mountains
14. Tungusic Manchurian (Xibo, Hezhen)	China: Manchuria
15. Mongolian	Mongolia: Tov, Selenge.



Mideast:
1. Arabian Peninsula (Eastern)	Oman: Dschanub al-Batina, Maskat. UAE: Bani Yas Tribe. Qatar: Qatari Bedouin.
2. Arabian Peninsula (Western)	Saudi Arabia: Hejaz Region
3. Turkish (West, East, Central, Southeast, Southwest, Northwest)	Turkey: Eastern Anatolia Region, Black Sea Region, Southeastern Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia Region, Mediterranean Region, Aegean Region, Marmara Region.
4. Druze	Lebanon: Mount Lebanon Governorate, Chouf district.
5. Lebanese	Lebanon: North Lebanon Region, Mount Lebanon Region, South Lebanon Region
6. Egyptian (North, South)	Egypt: Faiyum, Sharqia, Qena.
7. Jordanian	Jordan: Ajlun, Al Balqa
8. Yemeni (Western, Eastern)	Yemen: East (Aden, Janad, Azal). West (Hadhramaut- Mukalla).
9. Syrian (West)	Syria: Homs, Hama, Rif Damashq
10. Assyrian	Syria: Al Hasakah, Khabur River Valley
11. Palestinian	Palestine: Acre, Haifa, Ramallah, Hebron
12. Bedouin (Sinai)	Sinai: Jabaliya Tribe
13. Iranian (West, Central, East)	Iran: Mazandaran, Qom, Semnan, Qazvin, Markazi, Gilan
14. Kurdish (West, East)	Turkey: Eastern Anatolia Region. Iraq: Dohuk, Sulaymaniyah.
15. Iraqi (Central, South)	Iraq: Babil, Dhi Qar, Wasit
16. Sephardic Jewish	Turkey: Istanbul, Izmir
17. Palestinian GI (Palestinian Christians, Palestinian Samaritans, Palestinian Muslims (Nablus))	Palestine: Nablus, Nazareth, Zababdeh
18. Lebanese GI (Lebanese Christians, rural Lebanese Shia)	Lebanon: Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate, Mount Lebanon Governorate, Baalbek, Hermel.
19. Egyptian GI (Coptic Christian)	Egypt: Alexandria
20. Iranian GI (Zoroastrian)	Iran: Tehran



North Africa:
1. Algerian	Algeria: Saida, Mila, Bouira
2. Tunisian	Tunisia: Siliana, Monastir, Zaghouan
3. Moroccan (North, South)	Morocco: Taza, Fez, Khenifra, Azilal, El Kelaa
4. Libyan (East, West)	Libya: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania
5. Berber (Algeria)	Algeria: Chaoui Ethnic Group




Jewish Diaspora Genetic Test:
1. Persian Jewish	Iran: Shiraz, Tehran
2. Ashkenazi	Eastern Europe: Warsaw, Budapest, Lodz, Lviv
3. Caucasus Jewish	Caucasus: Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Azerbaijan
4. Northern-Central Mesopotamia Jewish	Iraq: Kurdistan, Baghdad
5. Eastern Maghrebi Jewish (Moroccan, Algerian)	Eastern Maghreb: Morocco, Algeria
6. Western Maghrebi Jewish (Tunisian, Libyan)	Western Maghreb: Tunisia, Libya
7. Sephardic Jewish (Turkey)	Turkey: Istanbul, Izmir
8. Northern Levantine Jewish	Syria: Damascus. Lebanon: Beirut.
9. Ethiopian Jewish	Ethiopia: Amhara Region, Tigray Region.
10. Yemeni Jewish	Yemen: Hadhramaut, Aden, Habban
11. Indian Jewish	India: Kerala, Mumbai



Central Asian Genetic Test:
1. Hazara	Afghanistan: Hazarajat
2. Kyrgyz	Kyrgyzstan: Osh, Choy
3. Kazakh	Kazakhstan: Almati, Jambil, Jetisu
4. Uzbek (East, West)	Uzbekistan: Syrdarya, Samarkhand, Kashkadarva
5. Uyghur (West, East, Southwest)	China: Hotan, Aksu
6. Pashtun (Afghanistan, Pakistan)	Afghanistan: Ghazni, Partika, Zabol, Nangarhar
7. Turkmen (Southwest, West, Southeast)	Turkmenistan: Bagtyyarlyk Etraby, Buzmeyin Etraby, Kopetdag Etraby
8. Iranian (Northeast, East, Southeast, Central)	Iran: Mazandaran, Qom, Semnan, Qazvin, Markazi, Gilan
9. Mongolian	Mongolia: Tov, Selenge.

How It's Done

Behind The process

1. Data Gathering

2. Establishing the Panel

3. Inference method Created

4. Extensive Refinement of Methods

Accuracy of Results

Reference Panel

Reference Panel Sample Details

Sample Sources

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